>OK. Now, can anyone say whether the English "Father Christmas" wore
>red or drove a sleigh pulled by reindeer *before* Thomas Nast defined
>the cannonical American "Santa Claus"?
There was a character in medieval England known as Old Winter. Old
Winter was an elderly community member who visited each house dressed
in furs and was plied with food and drink at each one. The idea was
that he carried the spirit of winter with him, and if you're nice to
winter, winter will be nice to you. He wasn't specifically associated
with Christmas at all. Didn't bring gifts, and wasn't associated with
children. He was supposed to arrive on December 6.
The Americans borrowed Santa Claus from the Dutch, by the succession we
all know: Saint Nicholas > Sinterklaas > Santa Claus. The Dutch had
imagined him a bit like Fred Astaire, kind of tall, thin and dignified.
In the early 19th century, Washington Irving started imagining him as
a stocky guy with baggy pants and a pipe. "The Night Before Christmas"
was published in 1823, and added the reindeer and several other things
we know now. But an 1858 Harper's drawing still has him without a
beard.
The Thomas Nast drawings that show him looking the way we think he
should today, date from after the Civil War, which is also about the
time that retailers first started experimenting with the idea of
associating special sales with Christmas.
Then after Americans did all this, their Santa Claus construct went
back to England sometime during the late Victorian Era, and merged with
Old Winter to become Father Christmas. The reindeer and red suit seem
to have been part of the American contribution, though that's not to
say that Old Winter was *never* drawn in a red suit before that.
Now, someone said they thought Coca-Cola invented him. That's an urban
legend, but corporate America is responsible for one of Santa's
friends. Montgomery Ward introduced Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer, in
1939.
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